Microservices Design Patterns
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1. Decomposition Patterns
These patterns focus on breaking down a large, monolithic application into smaller, manageable microservices.
- Service per Business Capability: Decomposes the system based on core business functions such as orders, payments, or customer profiles.
- Service per Subdomain: Inspired by Domain-Driven Design (DDD), this divides the application based on business subdomains.
- Strangler Fig Pattern : Gradually migrates functionality from a monolith to microservices by overlaying new services.
2. Communication Patterns
These patterns address how microservices communicate efficiently and maintain loose coupling.
- API Gateway : A single entry point for client requests that handles routing, authentication, and load balancing.
- Backend for Frontend (BFF): Tailors backend services to individual frontend applications or clients.
- Asynchronous Messaging: Enables decoupled service communication using message queues or event-driven architecture.
3. Resilience Patterns
These patterns enhance system robustness and tolerance to failures.
- Circuit Breaker : Prevents cascading failures by halting calls to a failing service temporarily.
- Bulkhead Pattern : Isolates services to ensure one failure doesn’t impact others.
- Retry Pattern : Automatically retries failed operations after a set interval.
4. Observability Patterns
Focus on monitoring and diagnosing issues across distributed services.
- Log Aggregation: Centralizes logs from all services for unified monitoring.
- Distributed Tracing : Tracks requests across services to identify bottlenecks or failures.
- Performance Metrics: Collects insights into system performance through operational metrics.
5. Data Management Patterns
These patterns solve challenges of data management in decentralized microservices.
- Database per Service: Each microservice maintains its own database for independence.
- Event Sourcing: Records all state changes as events, enabling historic reconstruction.
- CQRS : Segregates command and query operations for scalability and performance.
- Saga Pattern : Manages distributed transactions with orchestrated local operations.
6. Security Patterns
These patterns secure service interactions and access control.
- API Gateway Security: Centralized enforcement of authentication and authorization.
- Access Token Pattern: Uses JWT or similar tokens for service authentication.
- Rate Limiting and Throttling : Restricts request volumes to prevent service abuse.
These patterns form the backbone of resilient, scalable, and maintainable microservices-based applications.
